Table 19.2 Some of the examples of herbal bioactives formulated as nanoemulsion

Herbal extract/

bioactive

Therapeutic

activity

Route of

administration

Pharmaceutical

challenge

NDDS technology

Method of

preparation

Outcomes

References

Mangiferin

(xanthone

glycoside)

Anti-

inflammatory

Topical

Low aqueous

solubility

(experimentally

approximately

2 mg/mL at

30C)

Hyaluronic acid (low

molecular weight)

assisted o/w

nanoemulsion gel

with globule size

~290 nm

High-energy

emulsification

method using

homogenization

followed by

ultrasonication

Presence of low

molecular weight

HA in

combination

with Transcutol

P has

significantly

increased in vitro

permeation of

mangiferin

Pleguezuelos-

Villa et al.

(2019), Acosta

et al. (2016)

Silymarin

(flavonoid)

Hepatoprotective

drug, free radical

scavenger, and

oxidase enzyme

inhibitor

Oral

Low oral

bioavailability

(<47%)

o/w nanoemulsion

using Capryol

90 (oil), Solutol HS

15 (surfactant), and

Transcutol HP

(cosurfactant) with

globule size ~50 nm

High-pressure

homogenization

followed by

ultrasonication

Enhanced

bioavailability of

silymarin was

observed with

nanoemulsion as

compared to oral

suspension

Nagi et al.

(2017), de

Groot and

Rauen (1998)

Quercetin

(flavonoid)

Antioxidant

Topical as

hair

conditioner

Low water

solubility

(~50 μM)

Cationic o/w

nanoemulsion with

average globule size

~20 nm

Low-energy

process using

phase inversion

temperature

High drug

loading up to

0.5% w/w and

stable at room

temperature and

~5C

Dario et al.

(2016)

Myricetin

(flavonoid)

Antioxidant

Oral

Low oral

bioavailability

(<10%) and

aqueous

solubility

(~16.60 g/mL)

Self-nanoemulsifying

drug delivery system

using Capryol

90 (oil), Cremophor

RH 40 (surfactant),

and polyethylene

glycol

Low-energy

process

Improved

solubility and

permeability in

duodenum and

jejunum as

compared to free

drug

Qian et al.

(2017)

362

S. Sharma et al.